We previously showed that single neurons in anterior insular cortex of rhesus monkey responded during multi-trial reward schedules (SFN meeting 2002). During the task, the monkey was required to complete 1, 2, 3 or 4 red-green visual discriminations to obtain a juice reward. A visual cue is also presented in each trial, with the brightness of this cue indicating how many trials remain before the rewarded trial. In cued condition, the visual cue was brightest in all rewarded trials. The cue brightness was proportional to the amount of work remaining before the rewarded trial in the other non-rewarded trials. The reward was delivered only at the end of the schedule. A new schedule was picked randomly. In shuffled condition the order of cue brightness was shuffled within each schedule, making the relation between the cue and reward probabilistic. 135/146 anterior insular neurons responded during the task in cued condition. 106 were tested in shuffled condition. Anterior insular neurons tended to respond near ...