Non-monotonic effects are known in pharmacology and in behavior (e.g. Yerkes-Dodson Law) but naive equating of structure and function makes it seem so self-evident that minimal neural loss after mild trauma precludes more than minimal and transient functional loss that many overlook reports of chronic neural and behavioral functional changes after trauma or ischemia with little or no cell loss (e.g. Lyeth et al. 1990, Heim et al. 1990, Dixon et al. 1995, Sanders et al. 2000). Effects of mild insults may differ from severe in type, not intensity (e.g. Bonfoco et al. 1995). Paradoxically, some may be greater to mild insults (e.g. Phillips & Betardo 1992). Beyond acute recovery, do they prevent or promote problems? LeFever cited detrimental neuroimmune reactions of cells stressed, not killed, and fluctuating, not fixed, cognitive deficits (INS 1995, SFN 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999). Protective heat shock proteins may violate dose response assumptions (Hickey et al. 1986), are widespread after brain trauma (e.g. Tr...