Do cell phones cause brain cancer?

Over the past two decades there have been many studies aimed at detecting a risk of brain cancer associated with cell phone use. And over the last three decades, various studies asked whether electromagnetic fields (EMF), mainly produced by power lines, might cause leukemia or other types of cancer in children.

The vast majority of studies failed to find an association between EMF exposure or cell phone use and cancer, but a number of studies did report such an association. To date, however, none of the studies that reported an association between EMF exposure or cell phone use and cancer (or a biological change related to cancer) has been independently replicated. In most cases, the positive association can be traced to statistical artifacts, systematic errors (such as heating tissue), or fraud.

Furthermore, no plausible causal mechanism that could relate EMF exposure to cancer has been proposed. Such potential mechanisms have been difficult to identify because EMF or cell phone signals — unlike exposure to ionizing radiation from, for example, x-rays — carry too little energy to have significant biological effects that might produce the transition from normal cells to cancer cells.

Does this mean that cell phone signals do not cause cancer? Science can demonstrate that a particular exposure can cause cancer — cigarette smoke, for example — but science can never show that the exposure to some agent does not cause cancer. After a third of a century and many hundreds of experiments that have failed to show that EMF exposure does cause cancer, most of us believe that were a cause there, it would have turned up. But we can never be absolutely certain.

The Question Was Answered By

Charles F. Stevens

Professor of theoretical neurobiology
The Salk Institute