For top priority information, like the fact that your bare foot is in the midst of stepping down onto a tack, special nerves wrapped in insulating myelin can’t be beat. The electric signal races down the axon in skips and hops at speeds that would earn it a ticket on the interstate. Yet more than two thirds of the axons responsible for telling you when you’re in pain lack such an accelerating covering. These “unmyelinated” nerves look like the cross-section above.
The axons themselves (white blobs) are the same. Information travels down them in a pulse of electricity. The purple center marks the nucleus of a Schwann cell, which has swallowed up these six axons to keep them safe. Because this covering replaces the myelin sheath of other nerves, signals here move at the pace of a brisk walk. This is part of the reason why pain from stubbing your toe comes in two waves: you feel a sharp pain right away, and then a duller lasting pain after.
About the Author
Charlie Wood
Charlie Wood is a science writer with a bachelor’s degree in physics from Brown University and a master’s degree is science journalism from New York University. In previous lives he taught physics in Mozambique and English in Japan, but these days he freelances from his home in New York.