And other neuroscience news you may have missed in January 2025.

Test your knowledge of the basal ganglia and their functions with these flashcards.

Percy Lavon Julian was the first Black chemist to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

Short sleepers cruise by on four to six hours a night and don’t seem to suffer ill effects. Turns out they’re genetically built to require less sleep than the rest of us.

Test your knowledge of the human brainstem parts and their functions with these flashcards.

Artificial intelligence can guess what you’re thinking — but only if it has been trained using your own brain activity data.

Test your knowledge of the human brain’s 12 cranial nerves and their functions with these flashcards.

When a surprising experience contradicts our expectations, our brains can quickly adapt to the new circumstances and make decisions accordingly thanks to the anterior cingulate cortex.

Kids from immigrant backgrounds in the U.S. often struggle to develop fluency in two languages. Many factors — parental misconceptions, the lack of support in schools and social attitudes — play a role.

Scientists can use electric impulses to block pain signals in patients who struggle with chronic pain or treat certain neurological conditions.